Cervical cancer, a preventable disease, claims the lives of two women daily in the UK. Early detection is crucial, with a significant difference in survival rates between stage 1 and stage 4 diagnoses. While cervical screening programs and HPV vaccinations have made substantial progress in reducing incidence and mortality rates, approximately 3,300 new cases are still diagnosed annually. The vast majority of these cases are preventable, emphasizing the need for increased awareness and adherence to preventative measures.
The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the primary culprit behind almost all cervical cancers. While most sexually active individuals encounter HPV at some point, the virus typically clears on its own. However, certain high-risk HPV strains can lead to cervical, vaginal, vulvar, penile, anal, head, and neck cancers. Condoms offer some protection, but HPV vaccination remains the most effective prevention method. The UK offers vaccines to adolescents and specific at-risk groups, but it’s crucial to remember that these vaccines don’t cover all HPV strains, highlighting the ongoing importance of regular cervical screenings.
Several factors beyond HPV contribute to an elevated risk of cervical cancer. Co-infection with other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), especially chlamydia, can exacerbate the risk by hindering the body’s ability to clear HPV. Individuals with HIV/AIDS also face a significantly increased risk. Age is another significant factor, with the highest incidence occurring in women aged 30 to 35, likely due to increased sexual activity and consequently higher HPV exposure.
Lifestyle choices also play a crucial role. Smoking is linked to a substantial proportion of cervical cancer cases, with the risk directly correlated to smoking intensity. Tobacco weakens the immune system, making it less effective in combating HPV infections. Sexual history is another critical factor, with a higher number of sexual partners and earlier sexual debut associated with increased risk. This is attributed to greater exposure to HPV. Long-term use of oral contraceptives also increases the risk, though this risk diminishes after discontinuation.
Childbearing also influences cervical cancer risk. Studies have shown a correlation between the number of full-term pregnancies and an increased risk, with the highest risk observed in women with seven or more pregnancies. The risk is also elevated for women who give birth at a young age. While the exact mechanisms are unclear, potential explanations include increased HPV exposure, hormonal fluctuations during pregnancy, and a suppressed immune system during gestation.
Family history of cervical cancer, specifically in a mother, sister, or daughter, significantly increases the risk of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), a specific type of cervical cancer. Whether this is due to genetic predisposition or shared environmental factors, including HPV exposure, remains unclear. Socioeconomic factors also contribute, with women in deprived areas experiencing a higher incidence rate, largely attributed to lower participation in cervical screening programs.
Cervical screening, also known as a smear test, is a crucial preventative measure offered to women and individuals with a cervix aged 25 to 64. It is not a diagnostic test for cancer but rather detects precancerous changes in cervical cells caused by high-risk HPV strains. Early detection of these changes allows for prompt treatment, preventing progression to cervical cancer. The screening process involves collecting a cell sample from the cervix, which is then tested for HPV. If high-risk HPV is detected, the sample is further analyzed for cellular changes. Regular participation in cervical screening, coupled with HPV vaccination, significantly reduces the risk of developing cervical cancer.
